Here's Why General Motors Company (GM) Is a Defensive Stock According to the Graham Test

Auto Manufacturers firm General Motors Company is one of the rare companies that fulfills most of Graham’s requirements for a defensive high-quality stock.

At Market Inference, we adhere to Benjamin Graham’s view that precise forecasting of a company’s prospects is highly uncertain. Investing with a wide margin of safety, determined on the basis of the company’s historical track record, offers far greater chances of positive investment results.

General Motors Company trades at Attractive Multiples

Benjamin Graham's so-called “Graham number” is a popular metric determining the fair price of a stock in relation to its earnings and the book value of its equity. We calculate the Graham number as √(22.5 * 6 year average earnings per share (4.27) * 6 year average book value per share (51.182), which for General Motors Company gives us a fair price of $87.41.

In comparison, General Motors Company’s market price is $31.52 per share. The analysis shouldn’t end here. The Graham number is just one of seven requirements for defensive stocks listed in Chapter 14 of The Intelligent Investor, which we will review below.

Impressive Revenues, Consistent Profitability, and a Growing Dividend Imply Value

General Motors Company’s average sales revenue over the last 6 years has been $238.73 Billion, so by Graham’s standards the stock has sufficient revenues to make it worthy of investment. When published in 1972, Graham’s threshold was $100 million in average sales, which would be the equivalent of around a half million dollars today.

Ben Graham believed that a margin of safety could be obtained by investing only in companies with consistently positive retained earnings. Retained earnings represent the cumulative net earnings or (deficit) left to equity holders after dividends have been paid out. General Motors Company had positive retained earnings from 2010 to 2022 with an average of $21.72 Billion over this period.

Ben Graham would also require a cumulative growth of Earnings Per Share of at least 30% over the last ten years.To determine General Motors Company's EPS growth over time, we will average out its EPS for 2010, 2011, and 2012, which were $0.31, $0.28, and $0.54 respectively. This gives us an average of $0.38 for the period of 2010 to 2012. Next, we compare this value with the average EPS reported in 2020, 2021, and 2022, which were $4.33, $6.70, and $6.13, for an average of $5.72. Now we see that General Motors Company's EPS growth was 1405.26% during this period, which satisfies Ben Graham's requirement.

Negative Current Asset to Liabilities Balance and an Average Current Ratio

Graham sought companies with extremely low debt levels compared to their assets. For one, he expected their current ratio to be over 2 and their long term debt to net current asset ratio to be near, or ideally under, under 1. General Motors Company fails on both counts with a current ratio of 1.1 and a debt to net current asset ratio of -0.7.

Conclusion

Graham is best known for the Graham number valuation method, and his net-net strategy of investing in a broad portfolio of companies that trade below their net current asset value. But these approaches are too narrow, and fail to capture the full scope of Graham’s statistical approach to stock picking.

General Motors Company offers a rare combination of value, growth, and profitability. So it comes as no surprise that the company isn’t cheap enough to meet Graham’s definition of a net-net, and that it does not trade, on average, far below its Graham number. Rather, General Motors Company is an interesting company because it meets Graham’s broader definition of quality.