What Else Should Value Investors Consider Besides Costco Wholesale (COST)'s Graham Number

Costco Wholesale does not have the profile of a defensive investment based on the requirements of Ben Graham. The Department Store firm may nonetheless be of interest to more risk-oriented investors who have a solid thesis on the company's future growth. At Market Inference, we remain agnostic as to such further developments, and prefer to use a company's past track record as the bellwether for future potential gains.

Costco Wholesale Is Probably Overvalued

Graham devised the below equation to give investors a quick way of determining whether a stock is trading at a fair multiple of its earnings and its assets:

√(22.5 * 6 year average earnings per share (9.14) * 6 year average book value per share (53.174) = $117.15

At today's price of $568.98 per share, Costco Wholesale is now trading 385.7% above the maximum price that Graham would have wanted to pay for the stock.

Even though the stock does not trade at an attractive multiple, it might still meet some of the other criteria for quality stocks that Graham listed in Chapter 14 of The Intelligent Investor.

Impressive Revenues, Consistent Profitability, and a Growing Dividend Imply Value

Costco Wholesale’s average sales revenue over the last 6 years has been $244.28 Billion, so by Graham’s standards the stock has sufficient revenues to make it worthy of investment. When published in 1972, Graham’s threshold was $100 million in average sales, which would be the equivalent of around a half million dollars today.

Ben Graham believed that a margin of safety could be obtained by investing only in companies with consistently positive retained earnings. Retained earnings represent the cumulative net earnings or (deficit) left to equity holders after dividends have been paid out. Costco Wholesale had positive retained earnings from 2009 to 2022 with an average of $8.56 Billion over this period.

Ben Graham would also require a cumulative growth of Earnings Per Share of at least 30% over the last ten years.To determine Costco Wholesale's EPS growth over time, we will average out its EPS for 2009, 2010, and 2011, which were $0.60, $0.71, and $0.73 respectively. This gives us an average of $0.68 for the period of 2009 to 2011. Next, we compare this value with the average EPS reported in 2020, 2021, and 2022, which were $3.13, $11.27, and $13.14, for an average of $9.18. Now we see that Costco Wholesale's EPS growth was 1250.0% during this period, which satisfies Ben Graham's requirement.

Negative Current Asset to Liabilities Balance and Not Enough Current Assets to Cover Current Liabilities

Graham sought companies with extremely low debt levels compared to their assets. For one, he expected their current ratio to be over 2 and their long term debt to net current asset ratio to be near, or ideally under, under 1. Costco Wholesale fails on both counts with a current ratio of 1.0 and a debt to net current asset ratio of -0.6.

Conclusion

According to Graham's analysis, Costco Wholesale is likely a company of average quality, which does not offer a significant enough margin of safety for a risk averse investor.