Many investors turn to Benjamin Graham's so-called “Graham number” to calculate the fair price of a stock. The Graham number is √(22.5 * 5 year average earnings per share * book value per share), which for XPO Logistics gives us a fair price of $21.05. In comparison, the stock’s market price is $47.24 per share. Therefore, XPO Logistics’s market price exceeds the upper bound that a prudent investor would pay for its shares by 124.5%.
The Graham number is often used in isolation, but in fact it is only one part of a check list for choosing defensive stocks that he laid out in Chapter 14 of The Intelligent Investor. The analysis requires us to look at the following fundamentals of XPO Logistics:
Sales Revenue Should Be No Less Than $500 million
For XPO Logistics, average sales revenue over the last 4 years has been $13.36 Billion, so in the context of the Graham analysis the stock has impressive sales revenue. Originally the threshold was $100 million, but since the book was published in the 1970s it's necessary to adjust the figure for inflation.
Current Assets Should Be at Least Twice Current Liabilities
We calculate XPO Logistics's current ratio by dividing its total current assets of $1.63 Billion by its total current liabilities of $1.51 Billion. Current assets refer to company assets that can be transferred into cash within one year, such as accounts receivable, inventory, and liquid financial instruments. Current liabilities, on the other hand, refer to those that will come due within one year. XPO Logistics’s current assets outweigh its current liabilities by a factor of 1.1 only.
The Company’s Long-term Debt Should Not Exceed its Net Current Assets
This means that its ratio of debt to net current assets should be 1 or less. Since XPO Logistics’s debt ratio is -0.7, the company has much more liabilities than current assets. We calculate XPO Logistics’s debt to net current assets ratio by dividing its total long term of debt of $2.47 Billion by its current assets minus total liabilities of $5.26 Billion.
The Stock Should Have a Positive Level of Retained Earnings Over Several Years
XPO Logistics had negative retained earnings in 2015, 2016, and 2017 with an average of $57.53 Million. Retained earnings are the sum of the current and previous reporting periods' net asset amounts, minus all dividend payments. It's a similar metric to free cash flow, with the difference that retained earnings are accounted for on an accrual basis.
There Should Be a Record of Uninterrupted Dividend Payments Over the Last 20 Years
We have no record of XPO Logistics offering a regular dividend within the last twenty years.
A Minimum Increase of at Least One-third in Earnings per Share (EPS) Over the Past 10 Years
To determine XPO Logistics's EPS growth over time, we will average out its EPS for 2009, 2010, and 2011, which were $0.21, $0.59, and $-0.27 respectively. This gives us an average of $0.18 for the period of 2009 to 2011. Next, we compare this value with the average EPS reported in 2020, 2021, and 2022, which were $0.91, $2.93, and $-0.81, for an average of $1.01. Now we see that XPO Logistics's EPS growth was 461.11% during this period, which satisfies Ben Graham's requirement.
In addition to trading far above its fair value, but XPO Logistics does not have the profile of a defensive stock according to Benjamin Graham's criteria because it has:
- just enough current assets to cover current liabilities
- much more liabilities than current assets
- negative retained earnings in 2015, 2016, and 2017
We nonetheless note that XPO has impressive sales revenues, an acceptable record of dividends, and EPS growth in excess of Graham's requirements.
